Building A Solidarity Protection Ecosystem for Vulnerable Muslim Households: A Systematic Evidence Synthesis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58526/jsret.v5i3.1221Keywords:
Financial Resilience; Islamic Social Finance; Microtakaful; Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil; Consumer Protection; Systematic ReviewAbstract
Financial inclusion can improve access to capital while leaving low-income households exposed to losses that destroy income, assets and repayment capacity. This review asks a different question from product-centred studies: what institutional design conditions enable Islamic social finance, community-based financial intermediation, and microtakaful to function as a single credible protection system? A systematic evidence synthesis was undertaken using a verified source ledger and a framework-analysis protocol. Peer-reviewed studies and authoritative policy documents published mainly between 2005 and 2026 were searched through publisher platforms, DOI/Crossref records, Google Scholar, DOAJ and institutional repositories. Thirty substantive publications and seven methodological or policy sources were retained after relevance, traceability and quality checks. The evidence was coded across the protection lifecycle: household entry, affordability support, risk pooling, claims, accountability and recovery outcomes. Four recurrent system failures were identified: finance–protection mismatch, unstable contribution support, claims-related trust erosion and blurred institutional responsibility. In response, the review develops a four-layer Solidarity Protection Stack. The household interface is separated from social-fund eligibility, licensed risk management and independent assurance. Infaq is positioned as transitional affordability capital rather than a permanent substitute for participant contributions or actuarial reserves. Baitul Maal wat Tamwil may aggregate, educate and assist participants, but underwriting and claims liability remain with a licensed takaful operator. The framework’s novelty lies in organising existing Islamic instruments around the participant’s protection journey and measurable recovery, rather than around institutional products. The review provides design propositions for pilots, regulation and future impact evaluation in Indonesia and comparable markets.
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